Highlight of the Month: California is Back
- Interview with Sandra McBrayer, California SAG Chair
Read More
CJJ Leadership News from Nancy Gannon Hornberger, CJJ Executive Director
- Improving Outcomes for Status Offenders – Phasing Out the VCO Exception
- Congratulations to the CJJ Midwest Region
- Help Shape CJJ’s Future
- October 24, 2010, Council of State Advisory Groups’ Meeting
Read More
CJJ Government Relations Alert
- CALL TO ACTION: Attend a Town Hall Meeting & Speak Out for Juvenile Justice Reform
- CALL TO ACTION: Help Restore Funding for FY 2011 Juvenile Justice Programs
- CJJ Submits Comments on Supplemental SORNA Guidelines
- Federal Coordinating Council on Juvenile Justice Solicits Comments
- Minnesota Congressman Introduces Legislation to Strengthen Protections and Supports in the JJDPA
Read More
CJJ Conference and Training News
- Registration Opens for CJJ National DMC Conference
Read More
National Juvenile Justice Network (NJJN) News
- Los Angeles Removes Obstructions to Summer Employment Opportunities for Youth on Gang Databases
- Connecticut Governor Signs Bill to Protect Exploited Children
- Louisiana Legislature Passes Resolution to Move the State Closer to Achieving the “Missouri Model” of Juvenile Justice
- NJJN Releases Update of Positive Polling Policy Paper
Read More
Resources and Information of Note
- 2010 Kids Count Data Book Now Available
- Juvenile Justice: Lessons for a New Era
- New Report on the Impact of the Justice System on Low-Income Communities in the Nation's Capital
- Brief Examines Relationship between Childhood Trauma and Juvenile Justice Involvement
- NCYL Examines Wyoming's Practice of Prosecuting Children as Adults
- Brief Presents National Data on Child Well-Being
- OJJDP Fact Sheets Offer Information on Juveniles in Court
- BJS/JRSA Conference Features Key Research and Statistics
- Presenters Sought for National Conference on Juvenile and Family Law
- The 2025 Campaign for Black Men and Boys
- Norfolk State University to host Regional Gang Prevention Seminar
- Save the Date: Conference on Civil Rights and School Discipline, September 27-28, Washington D.C.
Read More
In the News
- Federal Oversight for Troubled New York Youth Prisons
- The Philadelphia Inquirer: Life Terms for Juveniles?
Read More
Contribute to the CJJ Juvenile Justice e-Monitor!
- CJJ invites you to share news from your SAG, state or region!
Read More
Highlight of the Month: California is Back
California is Back – Interview with Sandra McBrayer, California SAG Chair
After a several year hiatus, CJJ was pleased to welcome back California as a CJJ member earlier this year. We caught up with Sandra McBrayer, the Chief Executive Officer of the Children's Initiative and Chair of the California State Advisory Committee on Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention (SACJJDP, the CA SAG) to discuss their renewed CJJ membership and the progress of juvenile justice reform in the Golden State.
Q: What precipitated California renewing its membership with CJJ?
A: When the agency responsible for the SAG was abolished, both the SAG and involvement with CJJ fell off the radar. Fortunately, concerns expressed by community members and the possible loss of Federal funds prompted the Governor to reconstitute the SAG.
The new SAG members designed a regular meeting schedule. It didn’t take long for us to realize that we would be more effective at fulfilling our responsibilities if we joined an organization that could provide us with the peer learning and cross agency training that we needed. Several members were already familiar with CJJ and knew what could be gained from renewing our membership.
Q: How would you characterize the state of JJ reform in California?
A: The pace of reform in California is pretty exciting. One of the most exciting parts is how Disproportionate Minority Contact (DMC) reduction has been embraced at both the state and local level. For instance, the state has taken a portion of its Title II formula dollars and funded 13 probation departments to identify and reduce racial disparities.
Even better, we have actually funded trainings for School Attendance Review Boards, who are called in to review whether truancy should lead to suspension and expulsion. These boards are being trained to see themselves as the first line of defense in prevention efforts, since truancy is a good predictor of future involvement in the justice system. Identifying and providing services to students who are chronically truant can divert them before they ever encounter a police officer.
It is also exciting that all state and federal juvenile justice grant recipients have to take part in DMC training, and that all state parole officers are being trained in DMC reduction. One California-based national DMC advocate even believes that we are becoming a model for the nation in DMC reduction.
Another area we are working on is the increase in failures to appear (FTA) and violations of probation. We will be providing funding to support counties in determining reasons behind FTAs, which are costly for counties and even more so for the kids. We are looking at identifying the four or five best practice interventions for minimizing FTAs and letting the counties individually choose which one is the best for them.
Q: What unique perspective and voice do you believe California brings to CJJ, its mission and its nationwide membership?
A: Both the diversity and size of California make us a great example. We have extremes of rural and urban, of wealth and poverty. We’re tasked with figuring out how to translate programs and funding effectively across the state. We have to integrate the differing elements and understand how they all work together within a single juvenile justice system. You can’t simply say “this is how you do it.” Allowing for differences and adaptations is vital.
Based on sheer size alone, California brings a huge voting block of juvenile justice stakeholders. There are 310,000 public school teachers, for instance. We have many residents working in juvenile justice at the local, county, state, and national levels.
California has a large and diverse population, and a spirit of innovation. We also have a desire to learn from what other states are already doing, which is why we feel CJJ is such a valuable resource. We don’t have to reinvent the wheel in California if someone in Iowa has already figured it out!
CJJ Leadership News from Nancy Gannon Hornberger, CJJ Executive Director
Improving Outcomes for Status Offenders – Phasing Out the VCO Exception
On July 21, I had the honor of presenting information about reducing and preventing court referrals and detention of status offenders, and ending use of the Valid Court Order (VCO) Exception to the JJDPA core requirement for “Deinstitutionalization of Status Offenders,” on the closing panel of the National Council of Juvenile and Family Court Judges’ conference in San Diego, CA. I co-presented with Judge Karen Ashby of Denver, Colorado, and Judge Brian Huff of Birmingham, Alabama. Judges Ashby and Huff, both from states that allow use of the VCO exception, are exerting leadership and vision by choosing not to detain status offenders—and producing better youth, family and community outcomes as a result. Patricia Campie, Director of the National Center for Juvenile Justice, was our skillful moderator. At the same time, the Council published a [1] feature article I wrote on this topic in Juvenile and Family Justice TODAY. The Council is doing great work on this topic! This work is also part of a larger effort by CJJ to assist our members and state and local jurisdictions, nationwide, to institute best practices to improve outcomes for status offenders and their families.
Congratulations to the CJJ Midwest Region
We wish to congratulate the Illinois Commission on Juvenile Justice (the IL SAG), especially the state Models for Change coordinator, Lisa Jacobs, and the CJJ Midwest Region Representative, Patricia Connell (IL), for their excellent work to organize and conduct the CJJ Midwest Regional Conference, held on July 9-11, 2010, at Northwestern University Law School in Chicago. Mike Mayer (MN), CJJ Midwest Region Chair, and David Schmidt (NM), CJJ National Chair, co-hosted the event. This was the first time since 2002 that the Midwest Region had held a conference, due to loss of federal support for CJJ to organize and stage regional conferences. It was a wonderful volunteer-led effort. The content, sessions and attendee representation were outstanding, with seven states from the region represented along with CJJ members and allies from four additional states.
Vinny Schiraldi, Commissioner of the New York City Department of Probation, delivered a keynote address entitled “Reforming Juvenile Justice from the Inside and Out.” Additional speakers included Dr. Eugene Griffin, Ph.D., Northwestern University School of Medicine, Stuart Berry, MSW/LISW, Juvenile Justice Consultant and Hanke Gratteau, Vice President of Public Affairs, Ounce of Prevention Fund.
Conference participants agreed this meeting provided the Region with a wonderful opportunity to reconnect with one another and to share what is working and where improvements can be made.
Roger Jarjoura, Ashley Barnett, and the Indiana SAG, have begun already to plan the next Midwest Region Conference for July 2011.
For more information about the conference, please contact Mark Ferrante at [2] ferrante@juvjustice.org or 202-467-0864, ext. 102.
Help Shape CJJ’s Future
The CJJ Strategic Planning Committee, led by Carlos Hendricks-Verdejo, invites you to share your thoughts, feedback and ideas for CJJ as we look toward the future and develop the organization’s strategic plan for 2011-2015. Please [3] click here to respond to the committee’s survey, which allows you to weigh-in and takes up to 15 minutes to complete. Many thanks to those of you who have already completed the survey. The full strategic plan will be completed in early fall and distributed to all CJJ members and allies. Please look for it.
October 24, 2010, Council of State Advisory Groups’ Meeting
In conjunction with the CJJ National DMC Conference to be held October 23-25 in Jersey City, NJ, there will be a second 2010 meeting of the CJJ Council of State Advisory Groups (SAGs). The Council of SAGs is CJJ’s policy and advisory body, composed of SAG Chairs or Chair-designees from all CJJ member states. We anticipate that the meeting will be held on the morning of Sunday, October 24, 2010, and will be sending an invitation to all SAG Chairs. The meeting is open to all conference attendees. Hope to see you there!
Should you have questions or thoughts related to any of the above, please feel free to contact Nancy Gannon Hornberger, CJJ’s Executive Director, at [4] nancy@juvjustice.org and 202-467-0864, ext. 111.
CJJ Government Relations Alert
CALL TO ACTION: Attend a Town Hall Meeting & Speak Out for Juvenile Justice Reform
Members of Congress will be in their home states for the summer district work period between August 9 and September 13, 2010. This congressional recess presents a valuable opportunity for CJJ members and allies to connect with their Congressional representatives and urge them to pass Juvenile Justice & Delinquency Prevention Act reauthorization legislation this year.
To read more, [5] click here.
CALL TO ACTION: Help Restore Funding for FY 2011 Juvenile Justice Programs
The House and Senate Subcommittees on Commerce, Justice, Science and Related Agencies (CJS), which have jurisdiction over all federal juvenile justice programs, recently marked up their respective regular appropriations bills, which contain recommended funding levels for FY 2011.
To read more, [6] click here.
CJJ Submits Comments on Proposed Supplemental Guidelines for the Adam Walsh Act
On July 13, 2010, CJJ joined more than 325 organizations and agencies nationwide in submitting comments to the U.S. Department of Justice in response to the Justice Department’s proposed Supplemental Guidelines for Sex Offender Registration and Notification as related to implementation of Title I of the Adam Walsh Child Protection & Safety Act – better known as the Sex Offender Registration and Notification Act (SORNA).
To read more, [7] click here.
Federal Coordinating Council on Juvenile Justice Solicits Comments
On July 8, 2010, the federal Coordinating Council on Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention published a “Request for Public Comments” in connection with the Coordinating Council's examination of federal policies and practices that affect children, youth, and families in four priority areas.
To read more, [8] click here.
Minnesota Congressman Introduces Legislation to Strengthen Protections and Supports in the JJDPA
On July 30, 2010, Rep. Keith Ellison (D-MN), introduced, [9] H.R. 6029, the Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention Reauthorization Act of 2010, legislation to reauthorize and amend the Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention Act (JJDPA) to provide greater protections for court-involved youth and more supports to the states for delinquency prevention and juvenile justice reform efforts.
To read more, [10] click here.
CJJ Conference and Training News
Registration Opens for CJJ National DMC Conference
Please join us October 23-25, 2010, for the CJJ National DMC Conference: “Fundamental Fairness: Eliminating Racial and Ethnic Disparities in Juvenile Justice,” at the Hyatt Regency on the Hudson, Jersey City, New Jersey. The conference is hosted by the New Jersey Association of County Youth Services Commissions, in partnership with the New Jersey Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention Committee (the New Jersey SAG). The conference will be preceded by a one-day training on October 22, with the Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention (OJJDP), State Relations and Assistance Division (SRAD).
Conference highlights include regional meetings, State Juvenile Justice Specialists and DMC Coordinators’ meetings on Saturday, October 23; the CJJ Council of State Advisory Groups’ meeting, followed by content sessions and a reception on Sunday, October 24; and additional sessions and workshops, as well as a luncheon, on Monday, October 25. [11] Click here for a preliminary schedule. A detailed draft agenda will be available later this month.
Registration is open now through October 1, 2010. Please [12] click here for online registration.
Room block: A room block rate of $130/night is available at the Hyatt Regency Jersey City for the nights of Friday, October 22 through Sunday, October 24*. To make your reservation, please call the Hyatt Regency reservation center at 1-800-233-1234 and be sure to ask for the Coalition for Juvenile Justice group. Online reservations can be made at [13] www.jerseycity.hyatt.com by entering group code G-COAL. Reservations are accepted through September 24, 2010.
* If you plan to arrive early for the OJJDP/SRAD October 22 training, a room block rate of $130 for Thursday, October 21 is available with the group code G-ICFI. Also, please note that the room block rate is not available for the night of Monday, October 25.
If you have any questions, please contact Mark Ferrante at [14] ferrante@juvjustice.org or call 202-467-0864, ext. 102.
National Juvenile Justice Network (NJJN) News
Los Angeles Removes Obstructions to Summer Employment Opportunities for Youth on Gang Databases
NJJN member from California -- the [15] Youth Justice Coalition (YJC) -- persuaded the Los Angeles Mayor’s Office of Gang Reduction and Youth Development to remove language from the city's summer youth job application that prohibited youth on gang databases and with gang injunctions from obtaining summer employment. The YJC successfully raised concerns regarding the lack of due process when youth are labeled as gang members -- without any rights to notification, appeal or removal -- as well as the need for system-involved youth to receive more resources and support, not less. [16] Click here to read a release from YJC on the victory.
Connecticut Governor Signs Bill to Protect Exploited Children
Thanks in part to efforts by NJJN member [17] Connecticut Juvenile Justice Alliance, on June 7, Connecticut’s governor signed into law SB 153, “An Act Providing Safe Harbor for Exploited Children.” This legislation makes prostitution an offense only for those 16 years of age and older; previously there was no age limit. The law also provides that for 16- and 17-year olds, there is a presumption that the youth was coerced into committing the offense. Lastly, the bill increases the penalties for promoting prostitution of someone less than 18 years old. [18] Click here to read the legislation.
Louisiana Legislature Passes Resolution to Move the State Closer to Achieving the “Missouri Model” of Juvenile Justice
Due in part to advocacy by NJJN members [19] Families and Friends of Louisiana’s Incarcerated Children and the [20] Juvenile Justice Project of Louisiana (JJPL), as well as NJJN partner the [21] Southern Poverty Law Center (SPLC), the Louisiana legislature passed a resolution to further Louisiana’s efforts to achieve the “Missouri Model” of juvenile justice. SCR 131 establishes a task force, which includes JJPL and SPLC, to evaluate Louisiana’s progress towards achieving the Missouri Model and determine what further steps should be taken. [22] Click here to read the full bill.
NJJN Releases Update of Positive Polling Policy Paper
NJJN released an update of its policy paper, “[23] Polling on Public Attitudes about the Treatment of Young Offenders,” which includes new positive findings from research by Alex Piquero (“[24] Never too Late: Public Optimism about Juvenile Rehabilitation”). In this study (the second on data gathered in Pennsylvania in 2005), the researchers found that most respondents believe that juveniles should be treated more leniently than adults, juveniles are more open to reform than adults, and juvenile offenders are more likely to become adult criminals if they are sent to jail. Notably, the researchers also found that neither race nor political ideology had a significant impact on the views of the respondents.
Resources and Information of Note
2010 Kids Count Data Book Now Available
CJJ is pleased to join the Annie E. Casey Foundation as a [25] 2010 KIDS COUNT Data Book Outreach Partner. The annual Data Book is a comprehensive resource on the status of U.S. children, featuring state-specific data on ten key indicators of child well-being. Please visit the online Data Center to download the report and create maps, graphs, and charts at the national, state, and local level.
Juvenile Justice: Lessons for a New Era
The Georgetown Journal on Poverty Law & Policy recently published “[26] Juvenile Justice: Lessons for a New Era,” by Dana Shoenberg and Mark Soler of the Center for Children’s Law & Policy, and Marc Schindler, formerly Interim Director of the D.C. Department of Youth Rehabilitation Services. This article summarizes research, developments and lessons learned since the last substantive reauthorization of the Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention Act (JJDPA), 17 years ago.
New Report on the Impact of the Justice System on Low-Income Communities in the Nation's Capital
The Justice Policy Institute’s new report, “[27] A Capitol Concern: The Disproportionate Impact of the Justice System on Low-Income Communities in D.C.,” examines the connections between poverty, race and the justice system in the District of Columbia, as well as the significance of such factors as housing, education, youth development, health care, and employment.
Brief Examines Relationship Between Childhood Trauma and Juvenile Justice Involvement
The Justice Policy Institute released "[28] Healing Invisible Wounds: Why Investing in Trauma-Informed Care for Children Makes Sense," a brief that examines the relationship between childhood trauma and involvement in the juvenile justice system. Between 75 and 93 percent of youth entering the juvenile justice system annually are estimated to have experienced some degree of trauma.
NCYL Examines Wyoming's Practice of Prosecuting Children as Adults - “A Call to Stop Child Prosecution"
A new report by the National Center for Youth Law (NYCL) and the American Civil Liberties Union, Wyoming Chapter (ACLU Wyoming), “[29] A Call to Stop Child Prosecution,” examines Wyoming’s practice of trying youth as adults. Unlike any other state in the nation, the state of Wyoming prosecutes between 85-90% of court-involved youth as adults, often imposing adult sentences for normal adolescent misbehavior. NCYL is working with ACLU Wyoming and other Wyoming advocates and government officials to reform the state's juvenile justice system.
Brief Presents National Data on Child Well-Being
The Federal Interagency Forum on Child and Family Statistics has released "[30] America's Children in Brief: Key National Indicators of Well-Being, 2010." Published annually since 1997, the brief aims to make Federal data on children and families available in a nontechnical, easy-to-use format, to stimulate discussion among data providers, policymakers and the public.
OJJDP Fact Sheets Offer Information on Juveniles in Court
The National Center for Juvenile Justice has published "[31] Juvenile Court Statistics, 2006-2007," profiling the almost 1.7 million juvenile court cases handled in 2006-2007. The report draws on data from the National Juvenile Court Data Archive. The Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention (OJJDP) has released four fact sheets providing data derived from the report:
- "[32] Delinquency Cases in Juvenile Court, 2007"
- "[33] Delinquency Cases Waived to Criminal Court, 2007”
- "[34] Juvenile Delinquency Probation Caseload, 2007"
- "[35] Person Offense Cases in Juvenile Court, 2007"
Print copies of "Delinquency Cases in Juvenile Court, 2007" may be ordered [36] here. In addition, the Office of Justice Programs (OJP) has released the [37] June 2010 issue of its Justice Resource Update e-newsletter.
BJS/JRSA Conference Features Key Research and Statistics
On October 28-29, 2010, in Portland, ME, the Bureau of Justice Statistics (BJS) and the Justice Research and Statistics Association (JRSA) will sponsor the BJS/JRSA 2010 National Conference. [38] Click here to register online, or contact Karen Maline at [39] kmaline@jrsa.org.
Presenters Sought for National Conference on Juvenile and Family Law
On March 27-30, 2011, the National Conference on Juvenile and Family Law will be held in Reno, NV. Sponsored by the National Council of Juvenile and Family Court Judges, the conference will provide presenters with a forum to address a multidisciplinary audience of professionals working in America's juvenile and family courts. The deadline to submit a proposal is September 15, 2010, and questions may be addressed to Diane Barnette, Director, Conference Planning and Marketing, at [40] dbarnette@ncjfcj.org. [41] Click here to submit a presentation proposal.
The 2025 Campaign for Black Men and Boys Seeks Candidates for a Media Fellowship
The 2025 Campaign for Black Men and Boys is seeking candidates in Chicago, New Orleans, Philadelphia, and Milwaukee to reframe the image of Black males in the media. With professional media training and exclusive industry opportunities, the paid fellowship will put the power of digital media into the hands of young people, allowing them to tell their own stories to a national audience. To apply, candidates are asked to produce and submit a 3-5 minute video, describing how they’re "changing the game" in one or more of the following areas: education, employment, health, fatherhood, and justice. Deadline for applications is August 6, 2010. [42] Click here for more information.
Norfolk State University to host Regional Gang Prevention Seminar
Norfolk State University (VA) and Regent University (VA) will co-host a two day seminar on August 20-21, 2010, highlighting a new gang prevention curriculum for community leaders. For more information about the seminar and/or to register, [43] click here.
Save the Date: Conference on Civil Rights and School Discipline, September 27-28, Washington, D.C.
The U.S. Department of Justice, Civil Rights Division, and U.S. Department of Education, Office for Civil Rights, will hold a conference entitled “Civil Rights and School Discipline: Addressing Disparities to Ensure Equal Educational Opportunity” on September 27-28, 2010, in Washington, D.C. This conference will be the first in a series of two conferences, with the next one to be held in November, in San Francisco, CA. For more information, please call the call the U.S. Department of Justice, Civil Rights Division, Educational Opportunities Section, at 202-514-4092.
In the News
Federal Oversight for Troubled New York Youth Prisons
The New York Times reported ("[44] Federal Oversight for Troubled N.Y. Youth Prisons," by Nicholas Confessore, July 14) on an agreement between the state and federal officials that will bring four of the state's most troubled youth prisons under federal oversight. The agreement requires the state to hire dozens of new mental health professionals and sets new limits on the use of physical force by guards. Earlier this year, the e-Monitor highlighted New York state's juvenile justice system -- [45] click here to read more.
The Philadelphia Inquirer: Life Terms for Juveniles?
On July 18, The Philadelphia Inquirer published a column ("[46] Life Terms for Juveniles?," by Karen Heller) highlighting Pennsylvania's high rates of juvenile life without parole sentences, a result of the state mandating life without parole sentencing for all defendants convicted of first or second degree murder, whether adults or juveniles at the time of the offense.
Contribute to the CJJ Juvenile Justice e-Monitor!
CJJ invites you to share news from your SAG, state or region! Please submit items by email to [47] editor@juvjustice.org. Inclusion and editing of submissions are subject to CJJ editorial guidelines.
The CJJ e-Monitor is brought to you by staff and volunteer leaders of CJJ, and supported by membership fees paid by CJJ’s State Advisory Group members, Members at Large and Allies. We are grateful to all for their ongoing support.
[1]: http://www.juvjustice.org/media/announcements/announcement_link_156.pdf
[2]: mailto:ferrante@juvjustice.org
[3]: http://www.surveymonkey.com/s/57DYDSW
[4]: mailto:nancy@juvjustice.org
[5]: http://www.juvjustice.org/gr_update31.html
[6]: http://www.juvjustice.org/gr_update32.html
[7]: http://www.juvjustice.org/gr_update33.html
[8]: http://www.juvjustice.org/gr_update34.html
[9]: http://thomas.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/z?c111:H.R.6029:
[10]: http://www.juvjustice.org/gr_update35.html
[11]: http://www.juvjustice.org/media/resources/public/resource_439.pdf
[12]: http://guest.cvent.com/EVENTS/Register/IdentityConfirmation.aspx?e=5c8e3e5a-5eb2-4331-825e-67dfa8d1d4a0
[13]: http://www.jerseycity.hyatt.com
[14]: mailto:ferrante@juvjustice.org
[15]: http://www.youth4justice.org/
[16]: http://njjn.org/media/resources/public/resource_1618.pdf
[17]: http://www.ctjja.org/
[18]: http://njjn.org/media/resources/public/resource_1620.pdf
[19]: http://www.fflic.org/
[20]: http://www.jjpl.org/
[21]: http://www.splcenter.org/
[22]: http://www.legis.state.la.us/billdata/streamdocument.asp?did=721074
[23]: http://njjn.org/media/resources/public/resource_633.pdf
[24]: http://njjn.org/media/resources/public/resource_1579.pdf
[25]: http://datacenter.kidscount.org/databook
[26]: http://www.cclp.org/documents/JJDPA_Resources/Soler%20Schoenberg%20Schindler%20-%20Juvenile%20Justice%20-%20Lessons%20for%20A%20New%20Era.pdf
[27]: http://www.justicepolicy.org/images/upload/10-07_EXS_CapitolConcern_AC-PS-RD-DC.pdf
[28]: http://www.justicepolicy.org/content-hmID=1811&smID=1581&ssmID=102.htm
[29]: http://www.youthlaw.org/fileadmin/ncyl/youthlaw/juv_justice/A_CALL_TO_STOP_CHILD_PROSECUTIONS_6_15.pdf
[30]: http://childstats.gov/americaschildren/index.asp
[31]: http://www.ncjjservehttp.org/ncjjwebsite/pdf/jcsreports/jcs2007.pdf
[32]: http://ojjdp.ncjrs.gov/publications/PubAbstract.asp?pubi=252200
[33]: http://ojjdp.ncjrs.gov/publications/PubAbstract.asp?pubi=252199
[34]: http://ojjdp.ncjrs.gov/publications/PubAbstract.asp?pubi=252202
[35]: http://ojjdp.ncjrs.gov/publications/PubAbstract.asp?pubi=252201
[36]: http://www.ncjrs.gov/App/ShoppingCart/ShopCart.aspx?item=NCJ+230168
[37]: http://www.ncjrs.gov/OJPnewsletter/june2010/juvjust.htm
[38]: http://www.jrsa.org/events/conference/index.html
[39]: mailto:kmaline@jrsa.org
[40]: mailto:dbarnette@ncjfcj.org
[41]: http://www.surveymonkey.com/s/Q2GSNL9
[42]: http://2025bmb.org/thegame/
[43]: http://virginiagangpreventionprograms.com
[44]: http://www.nytimes.com/2010/07/15/nyregion/15juvenile.html?_r=2&adxnnl=1&emc=eta1&adxnnlx=1279921915-42o1LobuAKR786SuY+7Bew
[45]: http://www.juvjustice.org/newsletter_37.html#article_257
[46]: http://www.philly.com/inquirer/columnists/karen_heller/20100718_Karen_Heller__Life_terms_for_juveniles_.html#ixzz0untRh1Hc
[47]: mailto:editor@juvjustice.org